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1993-05-03
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
A new scientific instrument project office has been
established at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to develop and
design a major new system for observing Earth's atmosphere.
Scientists expect it to support a quantum leap in weather
forecasting and in understanding our climate.
The instrument, called the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
(AIRS), was selected by NASA in late November to ride aboard the
Earth Observing System (Eos) polar orbiting platform as a
facility instrument beginning in the 1990s. This platform is an
element of the space station Freedom program and of NASA's
proposed "Mission to Planet Earth"; it is one of several Earth-
orbiting scientific platforms planned by the U.S. and other
nations.
The AIRS system will provide global, three-dimensional
information on the temperature and composition distributions in
the atmosphere (including humidity and clouds) as well as
climate-related properties of the sea and land. It will also
measure and help map ozone and various other "greenhouse" gases.
AIRS will observe both by day and by night.
The instrument is designed to scan 45 degrees east and
west from the north-and-south path of the Eos platform, circling
435 miles above the Earth every 100 minutes. AIRS will observe
the atmosphere and surface in elements about 10 miles square, andperceive the atmosphere in mile-thick vertical layers. It will
be designed to read the temperature in each of these elements to
an accuracy of approximately 1 degree Celsius (about 2 degrees
Fahrenheit).
Providing frequent global coverage of the atmosphere's
physical behavior, the system has the potential of greatly
improving weather forecasting worldwide. The lasting
value of AIRS will be the continuous long-term record it compiles
of climate change. "We can see and measure changes in global
temperature, over periods of one or more solar cycles," said Dr.
Moustafa Chahine, JPL's chief scientist and an atmospheric
physicist. "We will have records of trends in the greenhouse
effect, both in the composition and movement of gases which cause
it, and in regional patterns of moisture and air circulation
which may result from it." These are long-term changes, in
contrast to weather patterns, and are very subtle.
All these measurements will be derived from infrared
radiation data. The Sun-warmed Earth emits radiation peaking at
infrared wavelengths. Some of this radiation is absorbed by
gases in the atmosphere. The atmospheric gases themselves also
radiate in the infrared. Which wavelength bands the gases absorb
and radiate and how intense the radiation is in the various bands
will help determine such things as composition and temperature.
AIRS will be able to make measurements in 256 selected channels
in the infrared spectrum (from 3 to 17 microns in wavelength).
Accurate temperature mapping may require the use of 50 or 100 of
these spectral channels.
Data processing will be the key to AIRS in two ways.
Scientists have been developing the algorithms -- the complex of
formulas used by scientists and their computers to turn
measurements into useful parameters or results -- needed to
process, use and understand AIRS data. These include computer
models of the atmosphere which AIRS will help to refine as well
as use in generating maps of atmospheric parameters. It is
anticipated that processing and interpreting the large
constellation of AIRS measurements will call for large-scale
computers in the "super" class, possibly parallel-processor
designs.
AIRS is similar in some respects to the ATMOS
experiment flown aboard the shuttle as part of Spacelab 3 in the
spring of 1985 and planned for another shuttle mission as part of
the Atlas 1 mission. There are substantial differences in the
two systems in their resolutions (how small an element of
atmosphere each can pick out) and in the length of their
observing periods. "ATMOS can observe the makeup of the upper
atmosphere better than AIRS for a short period, but only AIRS can
stay at its post, observing changes, year in and year out," said
project manager Fred O'Callaghan, who is in charge of both
efforts at JPL. "With refurbishments, we hope to get 15 years or
more out of the AIRS instrument."
AIRS will be a "facility" instrument aboard the EOS
platform. That is, it will function more like a laboratory orobservatory than an instrument designed and operated by a single
scientist or single team. A scientific committee to be selected
by NASA will oversee its use, and data records will be archived
for later research as well as for immediate use.
The AIRS project is part of JPL's Office of Space
Science and Instruments. The EOS scientific program is
administered by Dr. Shelby Tilford of NASA's Office of Space
Science and Applications, and the first orbiting platform will be
managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
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